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      搞定Python装饰器（三）实现property类
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        <p>上一章，我们学习了如何编写一个对象型装饰器，顺便也了解了一下如何编写一个类对象装饰器，本章我们将通过实现一个property类，来了解类对象装饰器是如何工作的。</p>
<p><em>(阅读本章前，建议先去了解一下property的使用方式)</em></p>
<h2 id="property的原理"><a href="#property的原理" class="headerlink" title="property的原理"></a>property的原理</h2><p>在着手编写之前，先来了解一下property的大致原理。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">property(fget=<span class="literal">None</span>, fset=<span class="literal">None</span>, fdel=<span class="literal">None</span>, doc=<span class="literal">None</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>实例化一个property的参数都是可选的。我们不难发现，第一个参数就是<code>fget</code>，也就是<code>getter</code>，将getter作为第一个参数的巧妙之处就在于使用<code>@property</code>时，语法糖会被转换成<code>name = property(name)</code>，而name就是getter方法，所以说<code>name</code>就会成为一个带有<code>getter</code>的<code>property</code>对象，而<code>getter</code>方法就是name方法。<em>可能有点绕，大家可以结合代码加以理解</em>。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>@property</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">foo</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>foo</span><br><span class="line">&lt;property object at <span class="number">0x7b755b97c0</span>&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="编写property类"><a href="#编写property类" class="headerlink" title="编写property类"></a>编写property类</h2><p>了解大致原理之后，我们开始实现我们的property类，为了不与python内置的property冲突，我们的property类名称将首字母大写。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Property</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.fget = fget</span><br><span class="line">        self.fset = fset</span><br><span class="line">        self.fdel = fdel</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>初始化函数部分就不多说了，接下来我们来实现 <code>__get__</code>, <code>__set__</code>, <code>__del__</code>方法。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Property</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># ...</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__get__</span><span class="params">(self, obj, *args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> self.fget:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">raise</span> AttributeError(<span class="string">'unreadable attribute.'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.fget(obj)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__set__</span><span class="params">(self, obj, value, *args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> self.fset:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">raise</span> AttributeError(<span class="string">'can\'t set attribute'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        self.fset(obj, value)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__del__</span><span class="params">(self, *args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> self.fdel:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.fdel()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># ...</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>因为property对象不需要被调用，所以说就不需要实现<code>__call__</code>方法，所以说装饰器的返回类型由装饰器决定。</p>
<p>实现了这三个方法，就可以作为一个描述符使用了，但是我们在使用property装饰器的时候，传入的只有<code>getter</code>，<code>setter</code>和<code>deleter</code>还没有传入，要设置他们，我们仍然使用装饰器。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Property</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># ...</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">setter</span><span class="params">(self, func)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.fset = func</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> func</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">getter</span><span class="params">(self, func)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.fget = func</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> func</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">deleter</span><span class="params">(self, func)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.fdel = func</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> func</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>这几个方法只是用来设置自身的属性，不影响被装饰的函数，所以我们要返回原来的函数。</p>
<p>至此，我们的Property类就写完了，接下来是完整的源码。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Property</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.fget = fget</span><br><span class="line">        self.fset = fset</span><br><span class="line">        self.fdel = fdel</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__get__</span><span class="params">(self, obj, *args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> self.fget:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">raise</span> AttributeError(<span class="string">'unreadable attribute.'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.fget(obj)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__set__</span><span class="params">(self, obj, value, *args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> self.fset:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">raise</span> AttributeError(<span class="string">'can\'t set attribute'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        self.fset(obj, value)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__del__</span><span class="params">(self, *args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> self.fdel:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.fdel()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">setter</span><span class="params">(self, func)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.fset = func</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> func</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">getter</span><span class="params">(self, func)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.fget = func</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> func</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">deleter</span><span class="params">(self, func)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.fdel = func</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> func</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="测试"><a href="#测试" class="headerlink" title="测试"></a>测试</h2><p>接着我们来测试一下我们的Property类</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># test_prop.py</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> prop2 <span class="keyword">import</span> Property</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Human</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.__name = name</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">    @Property</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.__name</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">    @name.setter</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">set_name</span><span class="params">(self, name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.__name = name</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    human = Human(<span class="string">'Nezha'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(human.name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    human.name = <span class="string">'Zhaer'</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(human.name)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ python test_prop.py</span><br><span class="line">Nezha</span><br><span class="line">Zhaer</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>至此，我们的Property就大功告成啦！</p>
<h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2><p>经过了三章的讲解，相信你已经对装饰器有了自己的理解。</p>
<p>装饰器是python中提高编程效率的主要手段。若装饰器用得好，编程效率将会大大提高。</p>

      
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